Negros Occidental Builds Stronger Nutrition Leadership

“The strength of our workforce, the potential of our children, and the dignity of every Negrense family are closely intertwined with the quality of life that we are able to provide.”

Negros Occidental is now part of Zuellig Family Foundation (ZFF)’s Nutrition Leadership and Equity Acceleration Program (NutriLEAP). Governor Eugenio Jose “Bong” Lacson, together with mayors and other local leaders and health officers in the province participated in the Executive Session under NutriLEAP, in partnership with Kain Tayo Pilipinas supported by the Philippine Business for Social Progress, last February 3, 2026. The session centered on building a shared understanding of challenges and creating strategies to improve nutrition outcomes in Negros Occidental.

Dr. Joyce Viar, Nutrition Director at ZFF, provided context and framing, guiding the participants through the activity’s objectives: to analyze the provincial nutrition landscape, articulate personal and shared leadership commitments, and co-create strategies for priority nutrition challenges. ZFF’s approach emphasized practical, systems-focused processes rather than abstract discussions, ensuring that every activity was tied to measurable action.

Participants reviewed key data on nutrition in the region. Western Visayas has a malnutrition prevalence rate of 6.4%, affecting 33,832 children aged 0–5. Negros Occidental is included among the 34 priority areas under the Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition (PPAN). Within the province, stunting among children 0–5 stands at 3.15% (7,134 children), while wasting affects 0.59% (1,327 children) as of 2025. Areas with the highest stunting rates include Salvador Benedicto at 14.18%, the City of La Carlota at 8.74%, and Calatrava at 8.68%. 

Austere Panadero, ZFF President and Executive Director, noted that undernutrition in the Philippines is decreasing, but the change remains minimal—around 1–2 percentage points annually for stunting. He introduced ZFF’s 8 Critical Knobs for Nutrition Governance, offering a structured approach to strengthen nutrition programs across multiple levels of government. 

Using this framework, the session included a workshop facilitated by Hadji Balajadia, faculty at Ateneo de Davao University and ZFF consultant, where participants reflected on their priorities, defined guiding principles, and developed concrete action plans, from institutionalizing provincial nutrition programs and securing dedicated funding to coordinating multi-sector efforts at the city, municipal, and barangay levels.

Governor Lacson reinforced the process by translating these discussions into a rough provincial action plan. He stressed data-driven governance, investment in frontline health workers, sustained financing, and community-centered programs as critical steps toward a responsive, integrated nutrition system. 

In closing, Governor Lacson said with encouragement, “Let this session mark not the end of our discussions, but the beginning of a deeper and more deliberate alignment of our efforts.”

Facing the Reality of Malnutrition: Tarlac Governor’s Deep Dive

As part of the Zuellig Family Foundation’s (ZFF) Nutrition Leadership and Equity Acceleration Program (NutriLEAP), Tarlac Governor Christian Yap took part in a guided community immersion, known as Deep Dive, to better understand the realities of malnutrition in the province’s most isolated areas. NutriLEAP, supported by the League of Provinces of the Philippines, helps provincial leaders strengthen leadership and governance to address malnutrition, especially among the most vulnerable communities.

The Deep Dive brought the Governor to two remote communities, where he met families and listened to their stories. “It was more intimate in terms of engaging with their needs and wants,” Governor Yap shared during the debrief. “I’m exposed to these areas, but to really get a deeper grasp on their health issues, their eating habits, their monetary habits, it’s different.”

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ZFF designed the Deep Dive to help leaders encounter the current reality “facially and frontally”. Guided by the Bridging Leadership Framework, the immersion encouraged reflection on how systems work—or fail—at the household level. For Governor Yap, the experience reinforced the urgency of improving nutrition, especially during the first 1,000 days (F1KD) of a child’s life.

“They really show how we can intervene in their growth, in their nutrition, in their health,” he said. “How can we extend services more proactively, especially in the critical stages of the young ones?”

The visit also revealed how geography and access shape people’s choices. Families live hours away from the city, often without reliable roads, water, or sanitation facilities. Livelihoods depend on fishing or seasonal farm work. Despite these challenges, Governor Yap noticed opportunities to engage communities more effectively.

“There’s Facebook, there’s internet there,” he noted. “So how do we reach out? If there’s something to learn, they’re immediately engaged.”

At the same time, the Governor recognized that government resources are limited, making prioritization essential. “As much as we want to address everyone and help everybody, the resources are limited,” he said. “So how do you make it more efficient? How do you target those ones who are really in dire need?”

For him, the response must combine short-term and long-term actions. In the immediate term, he stressed the need to address severe malnutrition among young children.

“We have to address it now,” Governor Yap said. “If we do not address it, this has long-term permanent effects on their growth.”

He pointed to sustained feeding programs as a necessary step, even as longer-term solutions take shape. “While we’re growing their gardens or building that behavior, we’re still addressing the current problem now,” he explained. “At least we have action plans in the next months that we can implement.”

Looking ahead, he shared a clear aspiration: to make nutrition a lasting priority in Tarlac, beyond any single administration. “I want it institutionalized,” he said. “Whoever is the governor, it’s a continuing social program targeting malnutrition.”

Through NutriLEAP, ZFF continues to support leaders in turning these encounters into action, grounded in reality, guided by empathy, and focused on building systems that truly work for those who need them most.

ZFF Strengthens Primary Care to Advance UHC in Benguet and Baguio City

The Zuellig Family Foundation (ZFF), through its Bayang Malusog Leadership and Governance Program (BMLGP), is helping strengthen primary health care (PHC) systems in Kapangan and Kibungan in Benguet and Baguio City to support the country’s Universal Health Care (UHC) goals.

Guided by the UHC Act’s vision of accessible, equitable, and people-centered health services, the Bayang Malusog Program focuses on improving local leadership and governance so that government units can effectively manage integrated primary care networks. To support this, ZFF provided partnership grants to the City Camp and Irisan District Health Centers in Baguio City, and the Rural Health Units of Kapangan and Kibungan in Benguet.

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The grants help frontline health workers deliver better care through:

  • Home visit kits for community outreach;
  • Personal protective equipment (PPE) for Barangay Health Workers (BHWs);
  • Essential primary health care equipment; and
  • Health Information System (HIS) support.
Baguio City Health Services Office

These tools enable continuous, quality care at the community level.

The turnover ceremony on January 22, 2025, marked a shared commitment to making primary care facilities strong and functional. Baguio City officials present were Dr. Ma. Lourdes Pakoy, Assistant City Health Officer; Dr. Nelson Hora, City Camp District Health Center Medical Officer; and Dr. Vanessa Fagcangan, Irisan District Health Center Medical Officer. From Benguet, Dr. Meliarazon Dulay and Dr. Jocelyn Legaspi, Provincial Health Officers, and Ms. Rubelyn Tomas, Senior Health Program Officer, attended, along with Dr. Joy Fermin, Municipal Health Officer of Kapangan. Department of Health-Cordillera Administrative Region officials Dr. Janice Bugtong and Dr. Mercedes Calpito also joined.

Through the Bayang Malusog Program, ZFF continues to show that strong leadership, well-supported health workers, and integrated primary care systems form the foundation of UHC—ensuring every Filipino family can access quality, responsive, and people-centered health services.

Banner photo: Provincial Health Office of Benguet

Authors: Joan Kidatan, ZFF BMLGP Associate for Baguio City

Branches of Hope: A Mayor’s Story of Jamindan, Capiz

For years, Mac Artur Luces Valdemar carried the weight of public service with him, as a son, a pharmacist, and a mayor trying to respond to the needs of his people. 

As a former mayor of the municipality of Jamindan in Capiz, he shares that a turning point in his leadership came when he participated in the Municipal Leadership and Governance Program (MLGP) from 2017 to 2019, a collaborative initiative implemented by the Department of Health (DOH), the University of the Philippines Visayas (UPV), and the Zuellig Family Foundation (ZFF). What began as just an effort to look into the local health system of the municipality became a deeper learning journey that reshaped how he understood leadership, governance, and service.

“I joined MLGP hoping to improve our local health programs,” Valdemar said. “But I left with so much more than tools and templates.” MLGP challenged him to work differently—with partners, communities, and institutions—teaching him to lead not from above, but beside the people he served. This approach, part of the Bridging Leadership framework, became central to how he governed Jamindan.

MLGP Cycle 2 Module 2 Workshop

Jamindan’s identity, he often explained, is rooted in story and memory. Local lore traces the town’s name to Chieftain Amindan and the Hamindang Tree. According to elders, the tree grew from an act of sacrifice made to protect the community. Over time, it stood as a living marker of strength, endurance, and collective responsibility. From the name “Hamindang” came “Jamindan,” a reminder that the town was built not by one person, but through shared struggle and care. Like the tree that withstood storms and seasons, Jamindan grew slowly—nurtured by the hands of generations.

This story shaped how Valdemar viewed leadership. Jamindan, a landlocked first-class municipality in Capiz, is composed of 30 barangays and around 40,000 people, many living in far-flung and mountainous areas. It is home to Panay Bukidnon indigenous communities whose traditions continue to guide community life. To him, every Jamindanganon was like a branch, leaf, or root of the Hamindang Tree—each playing a role in keeping the whole strong.

When he assumed office in 2016, the health data revealed painful realities. Several barangays had no functioning health stations. Families lived with hypertension and diabetes without steady access to medicine. Animal bite cases were high, maternal care was limited, and undernutrition among children was widespread. “These weren’t just statistics,” he said. “These were stories of suffering.” His MLGP learning helped him see the numbers as human lives needing care and attention.

MLGP Cycle 2 Alumni from the Province of Capiz: Jamindan, Sapian, Sigma, and Tapaz

Guided by the MLGP roadmap, the local government placed health at the center of its work. Valdemar often returned to a simple belief: “Kalusugan ay kayamanan. Serbisyong makatao, para sa tanan.” Under this lens, Jamindan invested in health facilities and services that reached even the most remote communities. Barangay Health Stations were built and rehabilitated, and the province’s first licensed Municipal Primary Care Facility was established. Ongoing projects such as the birthing clinic and Super Rural Health Unit II were designed to serve geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas, including indigenous barangays.

Health services became more accessible and more humane. Free consultations, laboratory tests, maintenance medicines, and X-ray services were offered. A dedicated Animal Bite Treatment Center, opened in December 2020, began providing free anti-rabies vaccination. “No patient in Jamindan should skip treatment because of poverty,” Valdemar said, echoing a principle he linked back to his MLGP experience.

The influence of MLGP extended beyond health. The same data-driven and participatory approach guided programs in disaster preparedness, social protection, education, agriculture, and livelihood. Through the Serbisyong Makatao Program, a wide range of government services—from medical and dental care to legal assistance and civil registration—were brought directly to communities, free of charge. Each activity, he shared, felt “like a fiesta,” because it strengthened trust and reminded people that the government could be present and caring.

“The true measure of our success lies in the stories of our people,” he said—stories of mothers who now receive prenatal care close to home, children who stay in school because they are fed and vaccinated, and senior citizens who finally have access to free medicines.

MLGP Colloquium in 2019

As he concluded his term, he reflected on what his MLGP journey helped make possible. “We are not leaving unfinished business,” he said. “We are leaving behind a system, a culture, and a people who now know what responsive governance looks like.” For him, MLGP was the foundation that strengthened his belief that health is not a privilege, but a right.

He continues to hold on to a vision of Jamindan much like the Hamindang Tree—deeply rooted, inclusive, and resilient. A place where no mother fears childbirth, every senior lives with dignity, and every child grows up healthy. It is a vision guided by the lessons he carries from his engagement with MLGP.

Expanding Horizons: General Santos City’s Drive for Accessible Long-Acting Contraceptives

General Santos City (GenSan) had trained health workers, functioning facilities, and national support for family planning (FP). Still, many families—especially in far communities—had limited access to modern contraceptives, particularly long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), which can protect women for years. 

During the pandemic in 2020, modern contraceptive use was only 30%, and LARC use was low across the city. Beyond distance, a key problem was that offices worked in silos, leading to fragmented services and unclear data.

City leaders and advocates also saw gaps in data. Judith Janiola, Head of the City Population and Management Office (CPMO); Desiree Garganian, Regional Director (RD) of the Commission on Population and Development (CPD) Region XII; and Angelina Paule, President of the United Private Midwives of GenSan City, Inc. (UPM), shared that weak and inconsistent reporting hid the real picture of contraceptive use and adolescent pregnancy. This made it harder to design programs based on evidence.

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In 2023, the city issued Executive Order No. 95-A creating the Family Planning Itinerant Team (FPIT) to reach underserved areas.

With support from the Zuellig Family Foundation through The Challenge Initiative (TCI)-Philippines, the Department of Health (DOH)-Region XII, and CPD-Region XII, GenSan also revived its City Leadership Team (CLT). Backed by former Mayor Ronnel Rivera and Mayor Lorelie Pacquiao, the CLT brought together health, education, social services, youth leaders, and community groups. The review confirmed that offices were not sharing data and that adolescent needs were often overlooked.

TCI-Philippines team with GenSan CLT

GenSan responded by aligning departments around shared data and goals. As RD Garganian noted, “General Santos was willing to lead, build capacity, and maximize TCI’s role in addressing these fundamental challenges.” A city directive required offices to share health data, helping teams see gaps and plan together. Providers were trained through the Family Planning Competency-Based Training (FPCBT), which gave hands-on skills in LARC insertion and removal, and strengthened adolescent-friendly, respectful care.

Trust and community outreach were central. “Earning the trust of clients is crucial,” Paule shared. “Our Enhanced Usapan sessions worked well because they didn’t just inform people about family planning—they also connected them directly to services.” Janiola added, “Family planning is not just about providing methods. It’s about improving quality of life. That’s why we emphasize informed choice and voluntarism.” Barangay nutrition scholars conducted house-to-house visits, and all facilities were upgraded to meet DOH standards for adolescent-friendly services.

FPCBT

The results were clear. All 46 identified providers completed postpartum FP training, and all health facilities earned DOH certification as adolescent-friendly. With cleaned and harmonized data, GenSan established accurate baselines. Modern contraceptive prevalence rate (mCPR) rose from 30% in 2020 to 34% in 2024, exceeding the national target of 30%. LARC use more than doubled—from about 8,000 users in early 2021 to over 20,000 by mid-2025.

GenSan’s experience shows that lasting gains come from system-wide coordination, strong leadership, trained providers, and shared data. As RD Garganian emphasized, “The GenSan experience was unique… showing that the city’s sustainability can go beyond external support.” For Janiola, the work continues: “With General Santos in such a strong position, we can only hope for more—more policies supporting family planning and adolescent health, and more advanced data collection and monitoring systems.”

Banner photo: GenSan mobile implant outreach

PhilHealth Leads New Partnership with ZFF to Strengthen Local Health Systems

The Zuellig Family Foundation (ZFF) formalized a new partnership with the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) on December 3, 2025, through a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that strengthens ZFF’s ongoing work in building local health leadership and improving primary care systems in the Cordillera Administrative Region.

PhilHealth President Dr. Edwin Mercado highlighted the significance of the partnership. “This collaboration with ZFF will help us close gaps in the system. By educating providers, empowering local governments, and leveraging data, we can better align supply and demand in primary care and ensure communities get the services they need,” he said.

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The MOU allows ZFF to work closely with PhilHealth’s Social Health Insurance Academy in co-developing and delivering training on social health insurance, supporting Provincial Health Boards and teams, and putting in place a joint monitoring and evaluation framework. These efforts will help improve registration to PhilHealth’s Yaman ng Kalusugan Program (YAKAP), first patient encounters, and the utilization of PhilHealth benefits—key areas aligned with ZFF’s mission to strengthen primary healthcare.

ZFF Chair Dr. Manuel Dayrit added, “This signing reflects our shared compassion and faith in serving communities. Even with limited resources, we can work together to transform primary health care. That transformation—the miracle we seek—is about comprehensive, connected, and continuous first-contact care that truly reaches those who need it.”

The signing marks another step in ZFF’s commitment to helping local governments build sustainable, community-centered health systems that ensure accessible and quality care for all.

Reimagining Family Planning: Tagum City’s Model of Inclusive, Community-Driven Change

Tagum City, the capital of Davao del Norte, is a fast-growing urban center in Mindanao. Alongside its growth came persistent challenges in reproductive health, especially the unmet need for family planning (FP)—referring to women who want to delay or avoid pregnancy but are not using any modern FP method due to barriers such as limited access, lack of information, or social norms.

In 2023, the City Government of Tagum, under Mayor Rey Uy, partnered with the Zuellig Family Foundation through The Challenge Initiative-Philippines (TCI), the Department of Health (DOH)-Region XI, and the Commission on Population and Development (CPD)-Region XI to strengthen FP and adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health (AYSRH) programs. 

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Putting Communities and Youth at the Center

Even before TCI’s support, Tagum had community health efforts in place. However, limited resources meant these efforts were often fragmented. The city saw the need for a more coordinated and data-driven approach—one that addressed both demand for and supply of services.

Through the City Leadership Team (CLT), local offices, health providers, and community partners aligned around a shared strategy. This included Teen Tambayan Centers and the revitalized Usapan Serye, which brought structured and culturally sensitive discussions on FP and AYSRH to barangays and schools.

Tagum CLT during the TCI-Philippines Colloquium on October 14, 2025

Youth played a key role as peer educators, especially in geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas (GIDAs). Their involvement helped normalize conversations on topics often seen as taboo.

“What began as a campus health forum for high school students has grown into a citywide movement—reaching elementary students, college youth, parents, and communities. By partnering with schools, the Parent-Teachers Association, Sangguniang Kabataan, and youth volunteers, Usapang Youth has expanded from classrooms to the streets, ensuring that health education and support truly meet young people where they are,” shared Edu Macabatas, Head of the Tagum Youth Development Office.

Community sessions complemented school-based activities. Dr. Dainah Casintahan Fajardo, City Health Division Chief, emphasized, “Because the city chooses to invest in its young people, with the help of TCI, we’ve grown from focusing only on the highest-need areas to now reaching all 23 barangays. With sustained funding for adolescents, we bring advocacy from schools to communities, ensuring every young person in Tagum is informed, empowered, and protected.”

Engaging Men and Shaping Shared Responsibility

Tagum also made sure men were part of the conversation. Through KATROPA (Kalalakihang Tapat sa Responsibilidad at Obligasyon sa Pamilya) and the locally developed Mr. GAD-PEGAD (Men’s Responsibility on Gender and Development–Parent Education on Gender and Adolescent Development), male leaders were engaged on gender equality, responsible parenthood, and reproductive health.

Dulce Amor Alcaraz, City Population Officer, discussing PEGAD

Messages That Reach and Resonate

To reach more people, Tagum invested in localized communication. Radio programs, social media posts, and printed information, education, and communication (IEC) materials used local language and real stories to build trust.

“Young people are naturally curious, and their questions—no matter how unexpected—deserve clear, honest answers. With localized IEC materials in their own language, we can bridge gaps in understanding, spark meaningful conversations, and guide them toward informed choices in family planning and adolescent health,” shared Charlene Gastanes Lanoy-Osido, Adolescent Health Development Program Coordinator.

Radyo Tagum

Bringing Services Closer

Access to services improved through institutionalized Fixed-Day Services (FDS) at health facilities and mobile outreach for GIDA barangays. These ensured regular availability of both short-acting and long-acting contraceptives.

The city also responded to rising human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cases among young people by offering free testing. “Rising HIV cases remind us how vital awareness and early testing are—especially for the young. By offering free HIV testing, we turn fear into action, empowering people to know their status and protect their future,” shared City Population Officer Dulce Amor Alcaraz.

With TCI support, midwives and nurses were trained in long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), including postpartum intrauterine device (IUD) insertion.

Service Caravan for Tagumeños bringing essential government and health services, including LARC access

“Because of TCI’s support in training our family planning providers, services are now within reach. In every barangay, trained nurses are ready to serve, making quality care accessible right where families live. When a trained provider is just a few steps away, family planning becomes a choice everyone can freely and safely make,” Alcaraz added.

Continuous mentoring strengthened provider confidence and client-centered care. “Through Family Planning Competency-based Training (FPCBT), we’ve learned that counseling is just as important as the procedure itself. When clients fully understand their choices, they make informed decisions that protect their health and future—ensuring family planning is not just available, but truly empowering,” shared Archilee Cortado, FP Coordinator.

Results That Last

Tagum embedded FP and AYSRH into local policies, plans, and budgets—moving them beyond short-term projects. The City Health Office and City Population Office continue to lead multisectoral coordination through the CLT.

This approach led to measurable gains. The modern contraceptive prevalence rate (mCPR) steadily improved—from 35% in 2020 to 45% by 2024—exceededing the national target of 30%. The adolescent birth rate (ABR) rose from 38 per 1,000 live births in 2020 to 51 in 2022—above the benchmark of 37. By 2024, it dropped sharply to 32, meeting the national standard and reflecting the impact of sustained interventions.

Additional results include a 95% quality implementation score for postpartum FP, 83% gender integration in FP programming, and the inclusion of FP High Impact Practices in the city’s Annual Operational Plan and budget.

A Model Rooted in People

Pearl Joy Catingub of TCI-Philippines meeting with Councilor Ciara Uy-Salazar and team

Tagum’s experience shows that lasting change begins with listening—using local language, trusted messengers, and data to guide action. By engaging youth and men, strengthening services, and embedding programs into governance, the city built a resilient and people-centered health system.

Tagum City’s journey proves that with strong local leadership and genuine community engagement, family planning can move from policy to practice—one conversation, one service, and one family at a time.

Banner photo: A Teen Tambayan Center of Tagum City

ZFF Receives Recognition for Advancing Healthier Benguet

The Zuellig Family Foundation (ZFF) received recognition at Benguet’s SHAYAW (Stellar Health Achievements Yearly Awards) for its partnership in advancing a healthier Benguet.

Benguet conferred a Certificate of Recognition on ZFF in appreciation of the Foundation’s initiatives and continued support of the province’s HEALTHIER Benguet agenda. This agenda works to improve health across all life stages by strengthening equitable, efficient, and responsive health systems for I-Benguet communities.

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The Benguet Provincial Health Office (PHO) leads SHAYAW to recognize partners and local government units that contribute to the province’s health goals. The awards highlight the role of good governance, collaboration, and shared responsibility in improving health outcomes.

ZFF earned recognition for its sustained partnership with the Province of Benguet through the Bayang Malusog Leadership and Governance Program (BMLGP). Through this program, ZFF works with provincial and municipal leaders to strengthen health systems by building leadership and governance capacities. 

This partnership builds on earlier efforts, including Benguet’s completion of ZFF’s Provincial Leadership and Development Program (PLDP) in 2024, achieved through the leadership of Governor Melchor Diclas and Provincial Health Officer II Dr. Meliarazon Dulay.

Dr. Meliarazon Dulay, Provincial Health Officer II, Benguet PHO

In her opening message, Dr. Dulay underscored the importance of unity and collective responsibility in advancing health outcomes, describing SHAYAW as a celebration of Benguet’s shared journey, where significant challenges are addressed through small, consistent acts of service carried out together with purpose.

The recognition affirms ZFF’s commitment to working closely with local governments and health leaders to strengthen leadership and governance for health.

Through continued collaboration, ZFF supports Benguet’s efforts to build more equitable, efficient, and responsive health systems for its communities.

Banner photo: (from left to right) Dr. Andrew Chamson Bacuso, Rural Health Physician, Dr. Jocelyn Legaspi, Provincial Health Officer I, and Dr. Meliarazon Dulay, Provincial Health Officer II, Benguet PHO; Ayeza de Mesa, ZFF BMLGP Associate; Erickson Manuel Pawig, ZFF BLMLGP Manager; Hon. Dr. Melchor Diclas, Provincial Governor, Benguet; Hon. Lady Charmain Molintas-Likigan, Sangguniang Panlalawigan Chair for Committee on Health, Benguet

Author: Ayeza De Mesa, ZFF BMLGP Associate

Understanding the Gendered Vulnerabilities of Filipino Adolescents

Updates from the Longitudinal Cohort Study on the Filipino Child

The Longitudinal Cohort Study on the Filipino Child (LCSFC) is now in its 10th year. 

LCSFC is a 15-year national study that follows nearly 5,000 Filipino children from age 10 until they reach 24 in 2030, the target year of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).  By tracking the same children over time, the study aims to put a human face on the SDGs, showing the real challenges and opportunities young Filipinos experience as they move from adolescence into adulthood. The Australian Government, the Philippine Government, UNFPA, UNICEF, and the Joint SDG Fund support the study, with the Zuellig Family Foundation (ZFF) helping to disseminate results and insights.

This year’s updates, shared by Prof. Francisco Largo and Dr. Nanette Lee Mayol of the University of San Carlos–Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., focus on gendered vulnerabilities—the different risks and pressures that boys, girls, and gender-diverse adolescents face because of social expectations, roles, and conditions—which shape their experiences in school, health, work, and relationships.

 

Education

While school enrollment remains high overall, a clear drop appears at age 17, where only 89.1% are still in school. Throughout most of adolescence, girls stay enrolled at higher rates and remain more “on track” in school than boys.

Absences also increase sharply by age 17, especially among boys. Illness remains the top reason for both sexes, but lack of interest becomes more prominent among boys.

Work begins to shape daily life by age 16: 27% of adolescents have worked in the past year.

Health and Mental Health

One of the clearest findings is the “double burden” among male adolescents—they are more likely to be both thin and overweight compared to girls at all ages.

Disability or impairment is more commonly reported by girls at age 17/18 (21% vs. 10% among boys), with vision difficulties being the most frequent for both groups.

For mental health, girls tend to report higher levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety. Boys, however, are more likely to fall into the severe category because the clinical thresholds differ by sex.

Boys also exhibit more rule-breaking behaviors, while girls tend to show more aggression within interpersonal contexts. These patterns point to different manifestations of stress and risk that require tailored support.

Risk Behaviors, Relationships, and Early Unions

By age 16, 8.4% of adolescents report having had sexual intercourse, with a significantly higher proportion among boys (12.3%) than girls (4.0%).

Key early sexual initiation risk factors—first measured when the adolescents were only 11 years old—include being poor, off-track in school, having less educated mothers, being in a young romantic relationship, chatting with strangers online, and witnessing violence at home.

Early pregnancy affects 2.5% of girls by age 16. Meanwhile, 2.0% of adolescents have been in child, early, or forced marriages and unions (CEFMU), affecting more girls (3.2%) than boys (1.0%).

 

Dr. Mayol explained how the team protects young respondents. They interview adolescents within sight of an adult but out of hearing, and they let young people answer sensitive questions privately on a tablet.

Key points from the open forum during the dissemination activity and workshop last November 28, 2025:

  • Early socioeconomic conditions and mothers’ education remain linked to teen pregnancy.
  • A separate qualitative study explores the experiences of children with disabilities, indigenous children, those affected by conflict, and LGBTQ+ youth.
  • The study represents Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
  • The Child Behavior Checklist has Filipino translations and uses simple, direct questions.
  • Many teen parents manage to return to school with the help of supportive parents and flexible learning programs.

A Call for a Child-Friendly Society

Participants also joined small group breakout discussions with representatives from local governments and civil society groups. They explored practical entry points for action based on the LCSFC findings.

Groups discussed three guiding questions: What entry points can we pursue in our own areas of work? What can LGUs, CSOs, and ZFF do together to address gendered adolescent vulnerabilities? What enabling mechanisms—policies, programs, partnerships—can strengthen adolescent well-being? The conversations surfaced ideas on coordinated local action, more youth-friendly spaces, and stronger family support systems.

ZFF Chairman Dr. Manuel M. Dayrit shared how the study can guide long-term planning. He encouraged the participants to use the findings to build child-friendly and adolescent-friendly communities, noting that today’s children will form the country’s population by 2050. He said, “The data in this study will provide the impetus, hopefully, for plans and programs that would really make our society truly child-friendly. On behalf of ZFF, we are proud to be a part of this—in disseminating the study so that it really becomes a useful instrument for us to build our country better.”

The LCSFC will continue until 2030 and will keep offering insights that can guide programs for young people. Its findings show early gender differences but also stories of resilience. With the right support from families, schools, and communities, adolescents can stay safe, continue learning, and move toward a better future.

LCSFC Briefer

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